Based on the generalized negative binomial thinning operator, a one-dimensional INAR(1) process with random coefficients is constructed, the probabilistic statistical properties of the model are derived, parameter estimation is carried out by least squares estimation, and numerical simulations are performed. Finally, an example application is given and the model is studied in comparison with other models, and the results show that the one-dimensional INAR(1) process with random coefficients based on the generalized negative binomial thinning operator is more applicable for real data.