Aiming at the problem of low positioning accuracy in indoor places, this paper proposes a RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indication) visible light positioning method based on improved particle swarm optimization algorithm. The Lévy flight algorithm is used to improve the particle swarm optimization algorithm, which solves the problem that the standard particle swarm optimization algorithm is easy to fall into the local optimum, and improves the convergence speed and positioning accuracy of the algorithm. In the indoor environment of 5m×5m×3m, after simulation test, the improved particle swarm optimization algorithm combined with RSSI positioning method can reach a positioning accuracy of 0.038241m, the algorithm stability is improved, the positioning accuracy is higher, and it is more suitable for indoor positioning.