In order to control the inverted pendulum to maintain a stable state, the linear primary inverted pendulum is selected as the research control object, the mathematical model of the linear primary inverted pendulum is established, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is applied to the key parameter optimization of the linear primary inverted pendulum intelligent control system, and the dynamic stability of the linear primary inverted pendulum optimized by PSO algorithm is verified by simulation. The simulation results show that the optimal control of linear inverted pendulum based on particle swarm optimization algorithm has faster convergence and better stability.